2008 Nobel Prize for Economics

 Nobel Laureate in Economics 2008 m Paul.
Krugman the Nobel Prize in Economics (The Nobel Economics Prize), stands in Memory of Alfred. Nobel Bank of Sweden Prize in Economics (The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel), commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics, also known as the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences.
Nobel Prize in Economics Nobel Will not mentioned in one of the five award areas but by the Bank of Sweden Nobel Prize in 1968 to commemorate the creation, and its selection criteria are the same with the other awards, the winners selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1969 (the bank's 300th anniversary celebration) first prize, by the Norwegian Frisch and Tinbergen shared the Dutch.
2008 
economist Paul. Paul Krugman (Paul Krugman)
Paul. Paul Krugman (Paul Krugman), American Economic home, out in 1953.
Paul. Krugman is the new generation of free school of economics, his research focused on trade patterns and regional economic activity.
calendar year, the list of award-winning staff
1960s

Ragnar 1969. Frisch (Ragnar Frisch) Norwegian (1895-1973)
Jane. Tinbergen (Jan Tinbergen) Dutch (1903-1994)
they developed a dynamic model analysis of economic processes. The former is the founder of econometrics, econometric models which the father of the builder.
1970s
1970 年
Paul. Samuelson (Paul A. Samuelson) Americans (1915 -)
he developed the mathematical and dynamic economic theory, economic science to a new level. His research involves the whole field of economics.
1971 年
Simon. Kuznets ( Simon Kuznets) Ukrainian nationals into the United States after (1901-1985)
in the study population trends and population structure on economic growth and income distribution has made a great contribution.
1972 年
John. Hicks (John R. Hicks) British (1904-1989)
Kenneth. Joseph. Arrow (Kenneth J. Arrow) American (1921 -)
their in-depth study of the economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
1973 年
Basil. Leontief (Wassily Leontief) Soviet Union (1906-1999)
developed the input-output method, which in many important economic issues applied.
1974 年
Friedrich. Hayek (Friedrich August von Hayek) Austrian (1899-1992)
Gang satisfied. Myrdal (Gunnar Myrdal) Swedish (1898-1987)
they are in-depth study of monetary theory and economic fluctuations, and in-depth analysis of the economic, social and institutional phenomena depend on each other.
1975 年
Lieaonide. Cantor Petrovich (Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich) Soviet Union (1912 -1986)
good forest. Koopmans (Tjalling C. Koopmans) American (1910-1985)
founded in 1939, the former world-renowned points of linear programming, which will be successfully applied mathematical statistics in Econometrics. their theory of optimal allocation of resources contributed.
1976 年
Milton. Friedman (Milton Friedman) American (1912-2006)
created the monetarist theory, the permanent income hypothesis.
1977 年
Gott Harder. Betty. Ohlin (Bertil Ohlin) Swedish (1899-1979)
James. Edward. Mead (James E. Meade) British (1907-1995)
theory of international trade and international capital flows made the groundbreaking research.
1978 年
Herbert. Simon (Herbert A. Simon) American (1916 - 2001)
for decision-making process within economic organizations were studied, the basic theory of the relevant decision-making process is considered on the record companies view the actual decision-making.
1979 年
William. Arthur. Lewis (Sir Arthur Lewis) British nationals into the United States after (1915-1991)
made many achievements in development economics, economic models and propose a dual model of import and export parity exchange. * Theodore. Schulz (Theodore W. Schultz) American (1902-1998)
made in the economic development of pioneering research, in-depth study of economic development of developing countries should give special consideration to the question.
1980s
Lawrence
1980. Lo. Klein (Lawrence R. Klein) American (1920 -)
to economics based on the real economy is indeed based on the data estimated by the empirical, and establish economic system mathematical model.
1981 年
James. Tobin (James Tobin) American (1918-2002)
elaborated and developed a series of theory and Keynesian fiscal and monetary policy, macroeconomic model. in the financial markets and related spending decisions, employment, products and prices, etc. to make an important contribution to the analysis.
1982 年
George. Stigler (George J. Stigler) American (1911-1991)
in the industrial structure, the role of markets and public economic role and impact of laws and regulations, made a significant contribution to creativity.
1983 年
Luo Laer. Debreu (Gerard Debreu) American (1921 -) < br> summarizes the theory of Pareto optimality, the creation of the related products of economic and social equilibrium existence theorem.
1984 年
Richard. John. Stone (Richard Stone) British (1913-1991 )
the father of national economic statistics, national accounts system in the development of the foundational contribution to greatly improve the economic basis of empirical analysis.
1985 年
Franco. Modigliani (Franco Modigliani), Italy (1918 -)
the first one to raise the life cycle hypothesis of savings. This assumption in the study of family and corporate savings have been widely used.
1986 年
James. McGill. Buchanan (James M. Buchanan Jr.) United States (1919 -)
analysis of the political decision-making combined with the economic theory, the expansion and application of economic analysis to social and political regulations m the choice.
1987 年
Robert. Solow (Robert M. Solow) American (1924 -)
contributions to the theory of economic growth. make long-term economic growth mainly depends on technological progress, rather than relying on capital and labor inputs. < br> 1988 年
Morris. Allais (Maurice Allais) France (1911 -)
his market theory and the efficient use of resources has made pioneering contributions. on the general equilibrium theory to re-do the system described.
1989 年
Turriff. Hawei Mo (Trygve Haavelmo) Norwegian (1911 -)
established the foundation of modern econometrics of guiding principles.
1990s
1990 In
Merton. Miller (Merton H. Miller) American (1923-2000)
Harry. Markowitz (Harry M. Markowitz) American (1927 -)
William. Sharp ( William F. Sharpe) American (1934 -)
them in financial economics has made pioneering work.
1991 年
Ronald. Coase (Ronald H. Coase) English (1910 -)
revealing and clarifying the structure and function of the economic system and property rights in the importance of transaction costs.
1992 年
Gary. Becker (Gary S. Becker) American (1930 -)
microeconomic theory to be extended to the analysis of human behavior, including acts of non-market economy.
1993 年
Douglas. North (Douglass C. North) American (1920 -)
Robert. Vogel (Robert W. Fogel) American (1926 -)
the former including the establishment of property rights theory, the state, including the theory and the theory of ideology, and mathematical tools to re-interpretation of the past economic development.
1994 年
John. Forbes. Nash (John F. Nash Jr.) United States (1928 -)
John. Harsanyi (John C. Harsanyi) American (1920 -)
Reinhard. Selten (Reinhard Selten) Germany (1930 -)
the three mathematicians in the non-cooperative game theory Equilibrium Analysis Germany has made seminal contributions to game theory and economics of a significant impact.
1995 年
Robert. Lucas (Robert E. Lucas Jr.) United States (1937 -)
initiated and developed the study of rational expectations and the use of macroeconomic theory and deepen people's understanding of economic policy, and business cycle theory proposes insights.
1996 年
James. Morris (James A . Mirrlees) English (1936 -)
William. Vickrey (William Vickrey) American (1914-1996)
former economic theory in the information made a significant contribution to the field, especially in conditions of asymmetric information Under the theory of economic incentives. which in information economics, incentive theory, game theory, etc. have made a significant contribution.
1997 年
Robert. Merton (Robert C. Merton) American (1944 - )
Myron. Scholes (Myron S. Scholes) American (1941 -)
the former on the Black - Scholes formula relies on assumptions made further weakened, in many ways its do the promotion. which gives the famous Black - Scholes option pricing formula, the law has become a financial institution involved in thinking of new financial products.
1998 年
Amartya. Sen ( Amartya Sen) Indians (1933 -)
on welfare economics, has contributed to several major issues, including social choice theory, welfare and standard definition of poverty, the lack of research.
1999 年 < br> Robert. Mundell (Robert A. Mundell) Canadians (1923 -)
him under different exchange rate regimes monetary and fiscal policy and the most appropriate currency area analysis done so that he received this award.
2000s
2000 年
James. Heckman (James J. Heckman) 1944 was born in Chicago, he studied at Colorado College .1971 was awarded Ph.D. in Economics from Princeton University. now University of Chicago professor.
Daniel. McFadden (Daniel L. McFadden) 1937 was born in North Carolina's Riley, he studied at the University of Minnesota University of Minnesota .1962 awarded PhD. is now the University of California Berkeley professor.
in the field of micro econometrics, they developed the widely used empirical analysis of individual and family behavior of the theory and method.
2001 年
George. Akerlof (George A. Akerlof) was born in 1940, the University of California at Berkeley professor Michael
. Spencer (A. Michael Spence) was born in 1943, California, Stanford University professor Joseph
. Stephen Gregory Heights (Joseph E. Stiglitz), born 1943, professor at Columbia University in New York
to the general theory of asymmetric information the market has laid a cornerstone. their theory has been applied rapidly, from traditional agricultural markets to modern financial markets . Their contribution comes from the core of modern information economics.
2002 年
Daniel. Kahneman (Daniel Kahneman) 1934 was born, Princeton University professor of psychology and public affairs. < br> Vernon. Smith (Vernon L. Smith) 1927 was born in George. Mason University professor of economics and law.
Traditionally, the economics research in people driven by self-interest and can make rational decisions based on assumptions. a long time, economics is widely regarded as a dependent on the actual observation of empirical science, or based on deduction, reasoning on the basis of speculative philosophy, not in a controlled laboratory experiment Detection of experimental science. But now more and more emphasis on economic research and testing of revised assumptions based on economic theory, and increasingly rely on rather than in the laboratory data obtained from the field. This research stems from two a very different but are converging areas: one for analysis of human cognitive judgments and decision-making behavior of the field; the other is through laboratory experiments to test or inspection based on economic theory to predict unknown or deterministic field. Kahneman and Smith is a pioneer in the field of the two studies. Kahneman for fruitful analysis of the psychology and economics together, and for the creation of a new research field of economics laid basis, the main research results, he found that the uncertainty in human decision-making, that is often found in human decision-making assumptions based on standard economic theory to forecast different. He and the late Amos. Tversky cooperation propose a better description of the expectations theory of human behavior.
2003 年
Clive. Grainger (Clive WJ Granger) 1934 was born in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom, is a British citizen. His 1959 Ph.D., University of Nottingham, UK, is now the University of California, San Diego, Honorary Professor of Economics.
Robert. Engel (Robert F. Engle III) 1942 was born in Syracuse, New York, by the U.S. in 1969 Cornell University Ph.D., is a New York University professor of management at financial services.
they were with thus to economic research and economic development have a tremendous impact. researchers conducting assess relationships to make predictions and test assumptions in economic theory, often time series, that is, chronological observation period to use the data in the form of . Such time series show the gross domestic product, prices, interest rates, stock price evolution. in the last century 80's, the two winners of the invention of new statistical methods to deal with many economic time series in the two key attributes : time-varying volatility and instability. in the financial markets, random fluctuations over time, the volatility of special significance, because the value of stock and all kinds of securities depends on the risk of volatility . fluctuations can change dramatically over time: a volatile turbulent period volatility is always a very small period of calm. Engel invented accurate access to many features of the time series, and the variability over time can be the method of statistical modeling of development. Now, he's ARCH model is not only an indispensable tool for researchers, the analysis of financial markets family also use it for asset pricing and portfolio risk assessment. most of the overall economic time series has a stochastic trend, a temporary imbalance will produce long-lasting effects. These time series are called . Granger demonstrated that, when the time series for the stability of the statistical methods used in non-stable data analysis, it is easy to make wrong judgments security. His major finding is that the more than two non-stationary time series the special combination may show stability. Granger called this phenomenon other research in the field of economics has a special significance in the role.
2004 年
Finn. Kydland (Finn E. Kydland), 1943 In 1973, Norway was born in Pittsburgh, Carnegie m from May Mellon University Ph.D., now Carnegie Mellon University and the m California, Santa Barbara professor.
Edward. Prescott (Edward C. Prescott), 1940 was born in the United States from New York .1967 Pittsburgh, Carnegie - Mellon University, PhD. John Prescott has worked in the University of Pennsylvania, Carnegie - Mellon University and taught at the University of Minnesota, now at Arizona State University WP Carey (WP Carey) Business School of Economics Studies Chair Professor, and served as the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, a senior consultant. He taught at Carnegie Mellon University during the m served as Kydland doctoral thesis supervisor.
their first, through the macro the use of economic policy in the factors and interactions between each factor analysis, so that people understand this phenomenon more deeply.
2005 年
Thomas. Krom ratio. Schelling (Thomas Crombie Schelling), 1921 was born in the United States. Harvard Ph.D.. now the University of Maryland professor.
Robert. John. Aumann (Robert John Aumann), 1930 was born in Germany. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dr.. Professor Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
promoted through game theory analysis understanding of conflict and cooperation.
2006 年
Edmund. Phelps (Edmund Phelps) 1933 was born Americans.
Professor Phelps research focused on the macro- various fields of economics, including employment, inflation and deflation, savings, bonds, taxes, intergenerational equity, prices, wages, the main micro-behavior, capital formation, fiscal and monetary policies, as well as his most accomplished field of economic mm growth problem, known as . Solow, the dynamic of economic growth were the most optimal path analysis, the famous Maskin (Eric S. Maskin), 1950 .1976 was born in New York in Applied Mathematics from Harvard University Ph.D. .1985 to 2000, Professor of Economics at Harvard University In 2003 as president of the World Econometric Society, Princeton Princeton Institute for Advanced Social Science Division Director.
foundation of modern economics, the field of the most outstanding contributions made, including public choice theory, game theory, incentive theory and information theory and mechanism design. is hailed today economics, international economics of the most respected masters.
Roger. Myerson (Roger B. Myerson), 1951 年 3 月 29 was born in Boston, was awarded U.S. citizenship .1976 Ph.D. in applied mathematics at Harvard University.
his doctoral project as and U.S. Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the American Economic Association, President's Award winner, Minnesota large school board Professor.
interest in the beginning mainly econometrics, the identification of dynamic econometric models made a ground-breaking work of .1947 was first proposed the concept of the macroeconomics of the concept of rational expectations. The main areas of research include mechanisms and mechanism design and mathematical economics. The most important work is to create an economic mechanism design theory. He was in 1990 due to scattered distribution mechanism was a pioneer in research,